Gregor Mendel Essays (101 words) - Biology, Genetics, Geneticists

Gregor Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel 1. Time in history: Mendel was born on July 22 1822 and died on January 6 1884 2. Country of Origin: He was born in Austria 3. Field Of Work: Mendel was one of the first scientist to study heredity and the science of genetics. 4. Notable Discoveries: Mendel was the first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of a living thing. He was the first scientist to cross peas of different varieties. He also worked with mice. Known as the Father of Heredity Mendel's work became the foundation for modern genetics. 5. Famous Publications: N/A 6. Sources: http://www.gene.com/ae/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.html Compton's interactive Encyclopedia Science Essays

Free Essays on The New Frontier

Why Would Anyone Want To Travel To The New Frontier? Throughout history many people decided to abandon their civilized lives in the cities of the East Coast of America, and travel westward. These people were known as Frontiersman. They left everything they had in the cities, sometimes including their families and set out west. They set out in search of wealth and power that they could not acquire in the east. Many of the people that set out west were considered well built and tough. They were willing to take serious risks with no guarantee of any return. There were a few â€Å"frontiersman† that made it big the way they had hoped, unfortunately there were many more who did not. The life of a â€Å"frontiersman† was not for the faint of heart. There were fights between Indians and other â€Å"frontiersman†. Food was scarce because of the limit of civilization. All food had to be created or hunted in order for survival. There were many risks associated with living on your own hundreds of miles away from anyone else. The â€Å"frontier† lifestyle was not as glamorous as some people thought it to be. There were many dangers, and it was survival of the fittest at its best. Who in their right mind would want to do this? After the first frontiersman left and settled out to the west, many of them died just from the fact that they had to survive by themselves. For the ones that survived, living alone became boring. In the winters there was nothing to do but try and keep warm. During the summers they were constantly working. Many of them hunted beavers for their prized furs. They would skin the animal after catching them and when the wagon trails from the east came out with supplies, trade them in. This sounds pretty easy, however the people coming from the east with supplies such as rifles and tobacco knew they had a monopoly the goods they brought. They often raised the cost of the supplies to nearly 2,000 percent. (AFC ... Free Essays on The New Frontier Free Essays on The New Frontier Why Would Anyone Want To Travel To The New Frontier? Throughout history many people decided to abandon their civilized lives in the cities of the East Coast of America, and travel westward. These people were known as Frontiersman. They left everything they had in the cities, sometimes including their families and set out west. They set out in search of wealth and power that they could not acquire in the east. Many of the people that set out west were considered well built and tough. They were willing to take serious risks with no guarantee of any return. There were a few â€Å"frontiersman† that made it big the way they had hoped, unfortunately there were many more who did not. The life of a â€Å"frontiersman† was not for the faint of heart. There were fights between Indians and other â€Å"frontiersman†. Food was scarce because of the limit of civilization. All food had to be created or hunted in order for survival. There were many risks associated with living on your own hundreds of miles away from anyone else. The â€Å"frontier† lifestyle was not as glamorous as some people thought it to be. There were many dangers, and it was survival of the fittest at its best. Who in their right mind would want to do this? After the first frontiersman left and settled out to the west, many of them died just from the fact that they had to survive by themselves. For the ones that survived, living alone became boring. In the winters there was nothing to do but try and keep warm. During the summers they were constantly working. Many of them hunted beavers for their prized furs. They would skin the animal after catching them and when the wagon trails from the east came out with supplies, trade them in. This sounds pretty easy, however the people coming from the east with supplies such as rifles and tobacco knew they had a monopoly the goods they brought. They often raised the cost of the supplies to nearly 2,000 percent. (AFC ...

Emergent bilingual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergent bilingual - Essay Example This group of individuals is born outside the country and speaks a different language other than English in their respective homes. They have insufficient mastery of English language that can help them meet the country’s standards and pass in any English test. (pg. 87 line 1-8) Garcia 2009 asserts that in most of today’s society, the most misunderstood issue in our education system is how the students who speak other languages that are not English related will be educated. Calling children this term of emergent bilinguals creates a positive characteristic as compared to the earlier term of English language learners that were used to refer to this group of individuals. This term does not suggest that these children have a limitation, but it suggests that they have the potential of developing bilingualism. These groups of children are noted to have an advantage over those children who only speaks English as their language, and they have difficulties in becoming bilinguals (pg. 322 lines 1-27). Bilinguals are known to can develop academic English if they are to be given the same opportunities on socioeducation as the other white children who are wealthy. A new curriculum and pedagogy that is equitable must adapt to the needs of emergent bilinguals. The inclusive curriculum that is challenging for emergent bilinguals must be adaptive ecologically as bilingual students, and biliteracy emerge. In early childhood, emergent bilingual at one point must have been given the opportunity to interact with caring adults and apart from speaking their home languages; they do understand their cultural practices. These adults also guided their bilingual development through providing the children with opportunities to practice how to speak and use English language. The language that the child is to use must occur in the home of the child’s language (GarciÃŒ a & Kleifgen,

Rhetoric anlysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Rhetoric anlysis - Essay Example rb indicates that Catton’s style does not emphasize on action images, but on descriptive images that aim to illustrate the paradox of being different, and yet being alike. Another example of atypical syntax is: â€Å"Daring and resourcefulness they had too† (paragraph 15). It is a typical because the predicate â€Å"Daring and resourcefulness† was put first before the subject â€Å"they.† The unique quality of writing emphasizes descriptions of the greatness of these two generals, and how they truly captured the diverse characters of the American identity. Catton focuses more on the backgrounds of the two generals and how they served as the metaphor of their people because they are more important than statistics and dates in representing the greatness of two people uniting for a great common cause. For instance, Catton says that â€Å"Lee†¦himself was the Confederacy† (paragraph 6) and Grant was â€Å"the Westerner† (paragraph 11). By making each general stand for the people they were fighting for, Catton successfully creates a patriotic tone that can unify Confederates and Union supporters because, if their generals, the epitome of who they are and what they stand for, can set aside their differences to attain common interests, then these two groups of people can also do the same. The single sentence in paragraph 3 provides the thesis of the essay. It argues that these two generals are truly different, but they must collide in order to pave a new direction for the country. The purpose of using a single sentence is to emphasize the thesis and to set the tone of writing and attitude of the speaker toward the values and ideals that Lee and Grant represent, individually and jointly. These coordinating conjunctions give special coherence to the paragraphs because they provide the signal posts for talking about differences or similarities between the two generals and the lives they represent. They also support the patriotic, conversational tone that Catton uses, so

Taking a Closer Look at Thailands Free Trade Agreement Essay

Taking a Closer Look at Thailands Free Trade Agreement - Essay Example The term "free trade" has become very politically loaded, and it is not uncommon for so-called "free trade agreements" to impose additional trade restrictions. Such restrictions on trade are often due to domestic political pressure by powerful corporate, environmental or labor interest groups. Free trade agreements are a key element of customs unions and free trade areas. The details and differences of these agreements are covered in their respective articles (Wikipedia Website). The spate of Thailand's bilateral FTAs had sprung from its intense need to supply more markets for its own exports after the failure of the WTO negotiations in the Doha Development Round. For others, this represents a shift in the Thai trade policy from multilateralism that Thailand advocated for two decades since it became a GATT member in 1982. Either way, new challenges abound for all parties due to this recent policy change leaning towards bilateralism and regionalism instead of multilateralism (Chirathivat & Mallikamas, 2004 p. 37). Before this, Thailand already built bilateral and regional trade ties with a number of trading partners in Asia and the world. In further improving the nature of its FTA policy, there will be implications for the country since many businesses there are not broadly multilateral. With regards to the impact of the FTAs, costs and benefits, and adjustment mechanisms are still being scrutinized. However, the government is strongly determined to realize these alternative liberalization paths and incorporate it as an integral part of Thailand's new trade strategy. To elaborate more on Thailand's pivotal decision of adapting new strategies in its FTA, Chirathivat & Mallikamas (2004, p. 40) mentioned that the financial crisis of 1997-98 could be the main reason. Thailand and generally the East Asian region felt the need to promote closer economic co-operation. Although regionalism is regarded as the second-best policy, many countries have started to explore this alternative. The effect of competitive liberalization contributed in a way to the rise in regionalism worldwide and also in East Asia and Thailand. The advantages should maintain "competitive liberalization" that would open up favorable markets and ease the regulations within the group, which would put an outsider country in a possible unfavorable situation. As a result, foreign companies with a presence in Thailand are currently shifting strategy to take advantage of its FTAs. For instance, Toyota Motor Corp. is shipping manual transmissions for pickup trucks from India to Thailand, and sending Corolla knockdown kits back the other way for assembly in India. Both items benefit from the lower tariffs of the FTA and greatly help increase Toyota's price competitiveness (Nagao, 2005). In addition, Japan is pressuring Thailand to eliminate import tariffs on cars with 3000cc engines and luxury cars over 3000cc before the seven-year period offering by Thailand. It seems Japan wants to increase import quotas of Japanese cars by 1-3 per cent of total production in Thailand. In fact, Japan has warned Thailand that its proposal on luxury cars is the most important

Management of Childhood Psoriasis with Acitretin

Management of Childhood Psoriasis with Acitretin Abstract: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin which can occur at any age-group. Psoriasis in childhood is not uncommon and has genetic susceptibility but usually an environmental trigger such as infection is thought to initiate the disease process. Childhood psoriasis has profound effects on both physical and psychosocial health of the patient. Treatment of mild psoriasis can be done with topical therapies but those which do not respond to topical therapies can be treated with phototherapy and systemic therapies. The use of systemic therapies in childhood is mainly based on the published data, case series, expert opinion and the experience as there is lack of controlled trials in the age group. Based on the experience retinoid are probably the second line drugs for the treatment of childhood psoriasis which do not respond to topical therapies and phototherapy. Using acitretin in a low dose and with proper physical examinations and laboratory investigations will reduce the h azard of potential serious adverse events. This article gives the review of use of acitretin in the childhood psoriasis. INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is the chronic inflammatory disease of the skin having the world wide prevalence of 1-3% and is clinically characterized by erythematous papules and plaques covered with silvery scales(1, 2). Psoriasis can occur at any age. Psoriasis in pediatric population is not uncommon and exerts a major impact on physical and psycho-social health of a child. In about one-third of the psoriatic population, the onset of disease is seen during the pediatric age(3). In a study of 419 patients from Northern India, the age of onset of psoriasis ranged from 4 days to 14 years(4). The presence of positive family history was found to be 23% and 34.3% in two different studies(5, 6). Pediatric psoriasis has the genetic susceptibility but the environmental factors often trigger the initiation of the disease process. The most common triggering factors include respiratory infection, sore throat, stress and trauma. There are different variants of psoriasis in children like plaque, guttate, napkin, er ythrodermic, pustular and nail psoriasis(2). Plaque psoriasis is the most common subtype and the pustular psoriasis is the least common subtype(7). Psoriasis in childhood and adolescence require proper management. Both the patient and the parents must be given the knowledge about the disease and its nature. Psoriasis in childhood affects the health-related quality of life. It is found that, the risk of mental illness like depression and anxiety is increased in children with psoriasis than those without psoriasis(8). Due to the presence of visible skin lesions the children with psoriasis suffer from the low self-esteem(9). Fortunately, childhood psoriasis is usually mild and can be treated with topical therapies. Systemic treatment is required only if the disease do-not respond to topical therapies, phototherapy and if the disease is significantly impairing the psychosocial aspect of the child health. Systemic therapies for psoriasis in children are not approved by FDA. Due to the lack of controlled trials use of systemic therapies are based on case reports, published data and expert opinion. On the basis of published data and experience retinoids appear to be the second-line drug of choice for children(10). ACITRETIN: Retinoids encompasses all the compounds either natural or synthetic, which possess the biological activity like vitamin A(11). Synthetic Retinoids are classified into three generations. Acitretin and etretinate are the second generation synthetic retinoids and are also known as aromatic retinoids(12, 13). Acitretin is the free and active metabolite of etretinate. Etretinate is strongly lipophilic and tends to accumulate more in the adipose tissue and thus has a longer elimination half-life, in contrast acitretin is less lipophilic and thus clears rapidly from the body and has the shorter elimination half-life(14).Intake with food increases the absorption of acitretin so, the bioavailability of acitretin is more when taken with food than on the empty stomach(15). Due to the longer elimination half-life of etretinate it has been largely replaced by acitretin. However, it is found that re-esterification of acitretin to etretinate can take place with the concomitant intake of alcohol. So , the female patient especially of childbearing age should be strictly instructed to not take alcohol during the period of treatment with and 2 months after the completion of treatment (16). USE IN PEDIATRIC PSORIASIS: Pediatric psoriasis is usually mild and topical therapies are the first choice of treatment. Systemic therapy is not the first choice in childhood psoriasis. It is used in the treatment of recalcitrant psoriasis which do not respond to topical therapy, phototherapy and if it is significantly impairing the psychosocial aspects of the child health. Due to the lack of controlled trials, the use of acitretin is based on the published data, case reports and the expert opinion. However, the significant risk benefit of the treatment should always be weighed with the risk of disease without treatment. Long term use of acitretin in children with inherited disorder of keratinization supports the safety of acitretin in children, but the monitoring is always required(17). Acitretin is used effectively in the treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, palmoplantar psoriasis and severe recalcitrant plaque psoriasis but acitretin is not effective in psoriatic arthropathy( 12, 18). Acitretin is used as either monotherapy or in combination with topical agents and narrowband ultraviolet phototherapy. In a multicenter cohort study by Ergun et al. 61 patients among 289 patients were treated with acitretin at a dose of 0.3-0.5 mg/kg/day with the mean duration of treatment being 9.16+-9.06 months. 47.5% of the patient achieved at least PASI- 75 response. 70.7% of the patient well tolerated the treatment with no side effects. 25.9% experienced the mucocutaneous side-effects, 1.7% had hyperlipidemia and 1.7% had nausea(19). In a multicenter retrospective analysis by Lernia et al. including 18 children with plaque psoriasis ,8(44.4%) patient achieved a PASI-response 75 at 16 weeks. The starting dose of acitretin was 0.2-0.5mg/kg/day but the dose was increased to 0.6mg/kg/day in two patients after 8 weeks. Three out of eight patients achieving PASI-75 response stopped therapy for the interval of 2-6 months but had to restart the treatment after relapse and the treatment was effective even after re-introduction. 9 patient discontinued treatment due to lack of efficacy and 1 patient discontinued treatment due to arthralgia. All patients had the mucocutaneous side-effects like chelitis, dry lips, dry mouth and pruritus. The laboratory values of the patients were within the baseline during the treatment(20). Ergin et al. reported a case of infantile pustular psoriasis treated with acitretin with the initial dose of 0.5mg/kg/day which was later increased to 0.7mg/kg/day. The skin lesion was cleared in the end of 4 months and then the acitretin was tapered to 0.3mg/kg/day for three months and then discontinued. Oral prednisolone was used initially then it was tapered and discontinued. Slight increase in serum triglyceride was observed but it returned to normal after the dose was tapered. No other adverse events were observed(21). Salleras et al. reported a case of 4-year-old girl with congenital erythrodermic psoriasis treated with acitretin at a dose of 0.5mg/kg/day and the complete remission achieved in three months. The discontinuation of the drug led to relapse so the patient was maintained in 0.5-0.75mg/kg/day of acitretin during the aggravation of the disease. The patient was followed till 7 years of age and no other secondary effects were observed(22). A case of annular pustular psoriasis in a 14-month old girl reported by Haug et al. was treated with acitretin in the dose of 0.9mg/kg/day and the patient achieved complete remission after 4 months. The dose of acitretin was reduced and tapered at 0.1mg/kg/day and discontinued after 10 months with no relapse in the following three years. The patient experienced mild side effects like chelitis, reversible hypercholesterinemia and elevation of alkaline phosphatase(23). Acitretin is aa excellent option in a child with palmo-plantar psoriasis. A 14-year-old boy with palmo-plantar psoriasis treated with acitretin at a dose of 10mg/day had a good response with improvement within 6 weeks. At 3-month follow-up the patient had almost lesion free. The patient had experienced adverse events like mild chelitis and xerosis but the laboratory values remain unchanged. Later the patient was maintained on acitretin 10mg every other day together with the topical combination of 15% liquor carbonis detergens compounded in triamcinolone 0.1% ointment applied every night(24). Combination with other therapies: Acitretin has been used in combination with NB-UVB phototherapy, methotrexate and cyclosporine A(24, 25). The effect of acitretin together with NB-UVB is found to be synergistic. A case of 3.5-year-old boy with severe pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch type) reported by kopp et al. was started on acitretin 1mg/kg/day with the short-term use of systemic methylprednisolone for controlling the acute stage. However, any attempt to reduce or discontinue the steroid led to exacerbation of the disease. Then the patient was given NB-UVB phototherapy three times per week. Later, after five exposures the corticosteroid was tapered and discontinued. The patient was then maintained on NB-UVB phototherapy two times weekly together with acitretin 0.3mg/kg/day. Disease was well controlled with this combination regimen. The laboratory values remained unchanged during the acitretin treatment(26). A 9-year-old boy with generalized pustular psoriasis was treated with acitretin 10mg/day and was maintained at 10mg three times week for a year. Later he developed skin pain and localized area of pustules which led to increase in the dose of acitretin 20mg/day during the flare but later tapered to 10mg/day for the next year. But the patient eventually required the addition of NB-UVB phototherapy to maintain the remission. The patient is well maintained by this combination(24). Adverse events of acitretin: Acitretin in known to exert a number of adverse events. Most of the adverse events are dose dependent and reverse back to normal after decreasing the dose or after discontinuation of therapy. However, it is usual to have the minor side-effects on the long term treatment with acitretin. The most common adverse events of acitretin is the muco-cutaneous adverse events. Dry lips being the most common one and be treated with the use of emollients. Others include dry dry mouth, cheilitis, stomatitis and gingivitis and taste disturbances. Acitretin causes dryness with inflammation of mucous membrane and transitional epithelia which occasionally leads to epistaxis, rhinitis, photophobia, conjunctivitis and xeropthalmia. Alopecia, nail-fragility and paronychia have also been observed(27). Rarely patients may have the photosensitivity reactions. Retinoid dermatitis which resembles unstable psoriasis can develop 25% of the patients receiving high dose of acitretin therapy(28). Muco cutaneous side effects can be treated symptomatically, and if severe effects occur the dose reduction can be tried before the discontinuation of the drug. Acitretin causes transient elevation of liver enzymes. The elevation is dose dependent and usually reverse back to normal after reducing the dose or after discontinuation of the therapy. Severe hepatotoxic reactions resulting from retinoids are rare. In a data of 1877 patients receiving oral acitretin only 0.26% of the patients showed overt chemical hepatitis(29). However, the hepato-toxic reactions in children are rare because the cofactors like diabetes, alcoholism, and obesity are less likely in children(12). Acitretin also exerts the effects on lipid profile which is reverse back to normal within 8 weeks after the discontinuation of the drug(30). Retinoids are seen to cause the elevation of triglyceride and cholesterol and decrease in the high density lipoprotein. In a study it is seen that 35% of the patients had the elevation in serum triglyceride above 300mg/dl and about 15% of the patients had the elevation of cholesterol level(31). The decrease in the high density lipoprotein is also observed(29). Retinoids have been known to cause the skeletal abnormalities especially in children. The long term treatment with etretinate is also associated with the extraspinal tendon and the calcification of ligament. However, the study including 19 children and young adults, treated with etretinate for continuous 5 years do not show any skeletal abnormality(32). No cases of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis was seen in a retrospective study on long term use of acitretin in a low dose(33). No significant radiologic abnormalities associated with retinoids was detected in a patient of severe pustular psoriasis treated with low dose of acitretin for 9 years(34). It is usually not recommended to use oral retinoids for the treatment of psoriasis in children due to the report of occasional bone changes like premature epiphyseal closure, skeletal hyperostosis and extra-osseous calcification observed in the children on the long term treatment with etretinate(35, 36). If acitretin is to be used in a child, the child should be observed carefully for any abnormalities of growth and bone development. Routine radiography is not recommended because of the radiation hazards, but the atypical musculoskeletal pain must be investigated with x-rays. Growth chart of the child on acitretin should be maintained (27). Arthralgia, arthritis, myalgia may also occur during the treatment with acitretin. A few case of vasculitis, Wegener granulomatosis and erythema nodosum are also observed. Retinoids are teratogenic drugs. The defect due to retinoids is termed as retinoic acid embryopathy. The malformations seen in the fetus include microtia/anotia, micrognathia, cleft-palate, conotruncal heart disease and aortic arch abnormalities, thymic defects, retinal or optic nerve abnormalities and central nervous system malformations(37). Even though only one report of human teratogenicity due to acitretin has been published(27), acitretin should be cautiously used as acitretin is converted to etretinate which has a longer elimination half-life. The female patient of child-bearing should strictly be instructed for the use of two effective contraceptive method stating 1-month prior of treatment, during the period of treatment and 3 years after the discontinuation of treatment(38). However, the risk of teratogenicity by use of acitretin in children is less because of the least chance of a child to get pregnant. The concomitant use of retinoid with tetracycline and minocycline has led to pseudo-tumour cerebri(29). Pseudo-tumor cerebri was reported in a case of 14-year-old boy treated with isotretinoin and tetracycline(39). Retinoids also causes blurring of vision, headache and reduced night vision. Patient with severe headache, vomiting and visual disturbances should stop acitretin immediately and consult the doctor(27). The concomitant use of vitamin A with acitretin must be restricted. MONITORING GUDELINES: Before starting the treatment with acitretin, proper history taking and careful physical examination should be performed. Laboratory investigations including complete blood count, lipid profile, liver enzymes and blood sugar in diabetics should be done. Monitoring of the liver enzymes and fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride must be done every 2-4 weeks of therapy for the first two months and then every three months(27). Children on acitretin therapy must have their growth charted. Female of child bearing age and their parents should be counselled about the teratogenic effect of the drug and use of contraception during and after the treatment. The pregnancy should be ruled out before the initiation of acitretin therapy with two negative pregnancy tests. CONCLUSION: Acitretin is a non-immunosuppressive drug that can be effective in the treatment of childhood psoriasis. It is seen that acitretin is more effective in pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis and moderately effective in the plaque type psoriasis in children. Acitretin is used both as monotherapy and as combination therapy. As the use of acitretin in children lack sufficient data and evidence, its use in children should always be weighed with risk benefit of treatment and risk if the disease is left untreated. The side effects are mostly dose dependent so it can be minimized by using the lowest possible dose. The dose of 0.5-1mg/kg/day was seen to be effective. It should be used cautiously in the female patient. Long term treatment with acitretin require proper clinical and laboratory evaluation. REFERENCES 1.Griffiths CE, Barker JN. Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis. Lancet (London, England). 2007;370(9583):263-71. 2.Al-Mutairi N. Childhood Psoriasis: Springer International Publishing; 2016. 3.Raychaudhuri SP, Gross J. A comparative study of pediatric onset psoriasis with adult onset psoriasis. Pediatric Dermatology. 2000;17(3):174. 4.Kumar B, Jain R, Sandhu K, Kaur I, Handa S. Epidemiology of childhood psoriasis: a study of 419 patients from northern India. Digest of the World Core Medical Journals. 2004;43(9):654-8. 5.Seyhan M, CoÃ…Å ¸kun BK, SaÄÅ ¸lam H, Ozcan H, KarincaoÄÅ ¸lu Y. Psoriasis in childhood and adolescence: evaluation of demographic and clinical features. Pediatrics International Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2006;48(6):525-30. 6.Fan X, Xiao FL, Yang S, Liu JB, Yan KL, Liang YH, et al. Childhood psoriasis: a study of 277 patients from China. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology Venereology. 2007;21(6):762. 7.de Moll EH, Chang MW, Strober B. Psoriasis in adults and children: Kids are not just little people. Clinics in Dermatology. 2016;34(6):717. 8.Kimball AB, Wu EQ, Guerin A, Yu AP, Tsaneva M, Gupta SR, et al. Risks of developing psychiatric disorders in pediatric patients with psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2012;67(4):651-7.e1-2. 9.Fox FE, Rumsey N, Morris M. Ur skin is the thing that everyone sees and you cant change it!: exploring the appearance-related concerns of young people with psoriasis. Developmental neurorehabilitation. 2007;10(2):133-41. 10.Burden AD. Management of psoriasis in childhood. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 1999;24(5):341-5. 11.Orfanos CE, Stadler R, Gollnick H, Tsambaos D. Current developments of oral retinoid therapy with three generations of drugs. Non-aromatic, monoaromatic and polyaromatic retinoids (arotinoids). Current problems in dermatology. 1985;13:33-49. 12.Gautam M, Tahiliani H, Nadkarni N, Patil S, Godse K. Acitretin in pediatric dermatoses. 2016;17(2):87. 13.Brecher AR, Orlow SJ. Oral retinoid therapy for dermatologic conditions in children and adolescents Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003;49(2):171-82. 14.Wiegand UW, Chou RC. Pharmacokinetics of acitretin and etretinate. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998;39(2 Pt 3):S25-33. 15.McNamara PJ, Jewell RC, Jensen BK, Brindley CJ. Food increases the bioavailability of acitretin. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 1988;28(11):1051-5. 16.Grà ¸nhà ¸j Larsen F, Steinkjer B, Jakobsen P, Hjorter A, Brockhoff PB, Nielsenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kudsk F. Acitretin is converted to etretinate only during concomitant alcohol intake. British Journal of Dermatology. 2000;143(6):1164-9. 17.Lacour M, Mehta-Nikhar B, Atherton DJ, Harper JI. An appraisal of acitretin therapy in children with inherited disorders of keratinization. The British journal of dermatology. 1996;134(6):1023-9. 18.Cordoro KM. Systemic and light therapies for the management of childhood psoriasis: part II. Skin Therapy Letter. 2008;13(4):1-3. 19.Ergun T, Seckin Gencosmanoglu D, Alpsoy E, Bulbul-Baskan E, Saricam MH, Salman A, et al. Efficacy, safety and drug survival of conventional agents in pediatric psoriasis: A multicenter, cohort study. J Dermatol. 2016. 20.Di LV, Bonamonte D, Lasagni C, Belloni FA, Cambiaghi S, Corazza M, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Acitretin in Children with Plaque Psoriasis: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis. Pediatric Dermatology. 2016;33(5):530-5. 21.Ergin S, Ersoy-Evans S, Sahin S, Ozkaya O. Acitretin is a safe treatment option for infantile pustular psoriasis. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2009;19(6):341-3. 22.Salleras M, Sanchez-Regaà ±a M, Umbert P. Congenital Erythrodermic Psoriasis: Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatric Dermatology. 1995;12(3):231-4. 23.Haug V, Benoit S, Wohlleben M, Hamm H. Annular pustular psoriasis in a 14-month-old girl: a therapeutic challenge. The Journal of dermatological treatment. 2017:1-6. 24.Marqueling AL, Cordoro KM. Systemic treatments for severe pediatric psoriasis: a practical approach. Dermatologic clinics. 2013;31(2):267-88. 25.de Oliveira ST, Maragno L, Arnone M, Fonseca Takahashi MD, Romiti R. Generalized pustular psoriasis in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(4):349-54. 26.Kopp T, Karlhofer F, Szà ©pfalusi Z, Schneeberger A, Stingl G, Tanew A. Successful use of acitretin in conjunction with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy in a child with severe pustular psoriasis, von Zumbusch type. Digest of the World Core Medical Journals. 2005;151(4):912-6. 27.Ormerod AD, Campalani E, Goodfield MJ. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines on the efficacy and use of acitretin in dermatology. British Journal of Dermatology. 2010;162(5):952-63. 28.Kragballe K, Jansen CT, Geiger JM, Bjerke JR, Falk ES, Gip L, et al. A double-blind comparison of acitretin and etretinate in the treatment of severe psoriasis. Results of a Nordic multicentre study. Acta dermato-venereologica. 1989;69(1):35-40. 29.Katz HI, Waalen J, Leach EE. Acitretin in psoriasis: an overview of adverse effects. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999;41(3 Pt 2):S7-s12. 30.Vahlquist C, Selinus I, Vessby B. Serum lipid changes during acitretin (etretin) treatment of psoriasis and palmo-plantar pustulosis. Acta dermato-venereologica. 1988;68(4):300-5. 31.Gupta AK, Goldfarb MT, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Side-effect profile of acitretin therapy in psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989;20(6):1088-93. 32.Glover MT, Peters AM, Atherton DJ. Surveillance for skeletal toxicity of children treated with etretinate. The British journal of dermatology. 1987;116(5):609-14. 33.Lee E, Koo J. Single-center retrospective study of long-term use of low-dose acitretin (Soriatane) for psoriasis. The Journal of dermatological treatment. 2004;15(1):8-13. 34.Halverstam CP, Zeichner J, Lebwohl M. Lack of significant skeletal changes after long-term, low-dose retinoid therapy: case report and review of the literature. 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Clarissa or The History of a Young Lady :: Clarissa History of a Young Lady

Clarissa or The History of a Young Lady    In the Johnson age there are many popular writers.   One of these authors is Samuel Richardson, who was a novelist.   His most popular novels were Pamela and Clarissa, which are both constructed of a series of letters.   Clarissa, however, was regarded as one of his most popular European novels.   "His masterpiece, Clarissa, or the History of a Young Lady, one of the greatest European novels, was published in 1747-8" (Richardson, 1).    When Richardson wrote Clarissa his intention was to write a novel of a series of letters that were written by an unskilled author.   This book contains 537 letters written by various characters in the novel.   Because the book is so long I could not read the whole thing nor have   I ever read it before.   As a result I can not say a lot about it.   Because I find it is a little hard to read I was not able to read as much as I would have like to in the four hours that we were to set aside to read the book.   I did, however, manage to read the first eight letters in the novel.   The first letter was written to Clarissa Harlowe from her good friend Anna Howe.   This letter is used to introduce the reader to the problems that have been going on in the Harlowe home that lead to Clarissa being the topic of gossip.    The letters that follow this one are from Clarissa to Anna and they explain what had happened.   The trouble begins when Mr. Lovelace begins to visit the Harlowe home; it is believed that he is there to court the eldest daughter.   However, this does not work out and he then decides the he would like to date the younger daughter, who is Clarissa.   This is not well liked by her brother because Mr. Lovelace was his enemy all through college and there is now a grudge between the two.   As a result, Clarissa's brother and Mr. Lovelace get into a fight and Clarissa's brother is injured.   It is because of this that no one else in the family cares for him anymore either.   However, this does not stop him from pursuing Clarissa.